https://www.micropedia.site/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=%E9%9B%99%E7%A5%A8%E7%B4%AF%E7%A9%8D%E6%AF%94%E4%BE%8B%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%88%B6 2026-09-28T23:25:43Z 本 wiki 上此頁面的修訂紀錄 MediaWiki 1.45.0-alpha https://www.micropedia.site/index.php?title=%E9%9B%99%E7%A5%A8%E7%B4%AF%E7%A9%8D%E6%AF%94%E4%BE%8B%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%88%B6&diff=73575&oldid=prev 2026-08-27T14:34:10Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="zh-Hant-TW"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">←上個修訂</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">於 2026年8月27日 (四) 22:34 的修訂</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1">第1行：</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">第1行：</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''雙票累積比例代表制'''（Party-list Proportional Representation with Cumulative Voting，標準縮寫為 '''List PR-CV''' ），<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">或</del>稱雙票集中比例代表制，是一種結合了政黨名單比例代表制與累積投票制的混合型選舉<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">制度。是[[東寧聯邦共和國]]用在國民議院議員選舉的特有投票</del>制度。</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''雙票累積比例代表制'''（Party-list Proportional Representation with Cumulative Voting，標準縮寫為 '''List PR-CV''' ），<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">又</ins>稱雙票集中比例代表制，是一種結合了政黨名單比例代表制與累積投票制的混合型選舉制度。</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>在該制度下，全數議席皆由政黨票的得票率進行比例分配。每位選民同時擁有兩張政黨票，選民既可將兩張選票分別投給兩個不同的政黨，亦可將兩張選票同時投給同一個政黨，使該政黨的總票數加二。此制度通常搭配政黨得票率的門檻限制，以防止國會過於碎片化。</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>在該制度下，全數議席皆由政黨票的得票率進行比例分配。每位選民同時擁有兩張政黨票，選民既可將兩張選票分別投給兩個不同的政黨，亦可將兩張選票同時投給同一個政黨，使該政黨的總票數加二。此制度通常搭配政黨得票率的門檻限制，以防止國會過於碎片化。</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">== 原理 ==</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">雙票累積比例代表制的基本原理，是將選民的兩張選票視為兩個可以自由配置的政黨票。選民可以將兩票分別投給兩個不同的政黨，也可以將兩票集中投給同一政黨。當兩票投給不同政黨時，兩個政黨各獲得一票；當兩票投給同一政黨時，該政黨獲得兩票。因此，該制度在保留政黨名單比例代表制的同時，也允許選民透過集中選票的方式表達較為強烈的政黨偏好。</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">== 特徵 ==</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">雙票累積比例代表制具有三項主要特徵：</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"># 全數議席採比例代表制產生：國民議院議席全部依政黨得票比例分配，以全國為單一選區。</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"># 每名選民擁有兩張政黨票：兩張票均計入政黨總得票數。</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"># 選票可以集中：選民可以將兩張票投給同一政黨，使該政黨一次取得兩票。</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">因此，該制度中的「雙票」並非將選舉分為兩個不同層次，而是兩張具有相同性質的政黨票。</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">雙票累積比例代表制兼具比例代表制與累積投票的部分特性。比例代表制使國會席次大致反映各政黨獲得的支持程度，而累積投票機制則使選民能夠將兩張選票集中於同一政黨。此制度與一般的「一人一票」政黨比例代表制相比，增加了選民對政黨支持的表達方式。選民可以選擇支持兩個不同政黨，也可以選擇將兩票集中於單一政黨，因此可能形成較為多元的投票策略。</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== 核心機制 ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== 核心機制 ==</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[檔案:雙票累積比例代表制的投票分配.png|縮圖|364x364像素|雙票累積比例代表制的投票分配表]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== 雙票與累積機制 ===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== 雙票與累積機制 ===</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>傳統的政黨名單比例代表制通常採「一人一票制」。雙票累積比例代表制則賦予選民更彈性的選擇權。選民在投票時有兩種主要策略：</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>傳統的政黨名單比例代表制通常採「一人一票制」。雙票累積比例代表制則賦予選民更彈性的選擇權。選民在投票時有兩種主要策略：</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* 累積投票：選民將兩張票全部投給同一個政黨 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">\(A\)</del>，則政黨 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">\(A\) </del>在該選民處獲得 2 票。</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* 累積投票：選民將兩張票全部投給同一個政黨，則政黨在該選民處獲得 2 票。</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* 分裂投票：選民將兩張票分別投給政黨 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">\(A\) 與政黨 \(B\)</del>，則兩黨各獲得 1 票。</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* 分裂投票：選民將兩張票分別投給<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">兩個不同的</ins>政黨，則兩黨各獲得 1 票。</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== 席次分配與門檻 ===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== 席次分配與門檻 ===</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l23">第23行：</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">第38行：</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>對於實力雄厚、預估得票已遠超門檻的主流大黨而言，由於席次分配存在邊際效益遞減（或席次上限限制），過多的選票可能會形成「邊際浪費」。此時，主流大黨可呼籲其選民進行「策略性分裂投票」：第一票投給本黨（自用），第二票則集中投給政治理念相近、但處於 5% 邊緣的友黨（配票）。此舉有助於活化邊際選票，扶持盟友過關，進而在國會中組成穩固的執政聯盟。</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>對於實力雄厚、預估得票已遠超門檻的主流大黨而言，由於席次分配存在邊際效益遞減（或席次上限限制），過多的選票可能會形成「邊際浪費」。此時，主流大黨可呼籲其選民進行「策略性分裂投票」：第一票投給本黨（自用），第二票則集中投給政治理念相近、但處於 5% 邊緣的友黨（配票）。此舉有助於活化邊際選票，扶持盟友過關，進而在國會中組成穩固的執政聯盟。</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">類似實踐 </del>==</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">與其他制度比較 ==</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">在現實世界的</del>選<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">舉</del>中，將<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">「</del>比例代表<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">」</del>與「<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">累積投</del>票<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">（Kumulieren）</del>」<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">進行結合的制度，最著名的實踐為</del>德國<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">的部分地方</del>議<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">會</del>選舉<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">（例如巴登-符騰堡邦、巴伐利亞邦及黑森邦等地方</del>選<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">舉）。</del>不<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">過</del>，<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">德國地方</del>選<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">舉</del>的累積投票<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">主要應用於「</del>選<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">人（在政黨名單內</del>將多票<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">灌</del>給<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">特定</del>候選人<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">）」</del>，<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">與純粹將</del>累積投票應用於<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">「選</del>黨<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">」</del>的雙票累積比例代表制在<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">操作層</del>面<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">上</del>略<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">有</del>不同。</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">=== 與單票政黨比例代表制 =</ins>==</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">傳統政黨名單比例代表制通常每名選民只有一張政黨票，選民選擇一個政黨後，該票即計入該政黨。雙票累積比例代表制則讓選民擁有兩張政黨票，並允許</ins>選<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">民決定是否將兩票集</ins>中<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">。因此</ins>，<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">選民可以同時支持兩個政黨，也可以</ins>將<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">投票權集中於一個政黨。</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">=== 與德國式兩票制 ===</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">雙票累積</ins>比例代表<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">制雖然同樣使用兩張選票，但</ins>與<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">典型的</ins>「<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">兩</ins>票<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">制</ins>」<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">並不相同。例如</ins>德國<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">聯邦</ins>議<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">院</ins>選舉<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">中的兩張</ins>選<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">票具有</ins>不<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">同功能</ins>，<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">其中一票用於選擇選區候</ins>選<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">人，另一票則主要決定政黨比例代表席次。雙票累積比例代表制中</ins>的<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">兩張票則均屬政黨票，兩張票都會直接計入政黨得票數，而且可以集中投給同一政黨。</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">=== 與累積投票制 ===</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">傳統</ins>累積投票<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">制通常允許</ins>選<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">民</ins>將多<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">張</ins>票<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">集中投</ins>給<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">個別</ins>候選人，<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">而雙票</ins>累積<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">比例代表制將「集中</ins>投票<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">」的概念</ins>應用於<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">政</ins>黨<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">。因此，兩者具有相似</ins>的<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">累積投票概念，但</ins>雙票累積比例代表制<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">最終採取的是政黨名單比例代表方式。</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">== 爭議與評價 ==</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">支持者認為，此制度能讓選民</ins>在<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">支持政黨之外，進一步決定是否將全部投票權集中於最支持的政黨，增加投票制度的彈性；同時，由於議席仍依政黨得票比例分配，因此能維持比例代表制的基本精神。</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">另一方</ins>面<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">，批評者可能認為，兩票集中於同一政黨可能使選民的投票行為產生不同於傳統比例代表制的效果，也可能使政黨在競選期間鼓勵支持者採取集中投票策</ins>略<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">。因此，制度的實際政治效果與影響程度，取決於選民投票行為、政黨數量及席次分配公式等因素。</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">== 使用情況 ==</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">雙票累積比例代表制可以依</ins>不同<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">國家的政治制度進行調整，包括議會席次、政黨得票率門檻、席次分配公式及政黨名單制度等。</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[東寧聯邦共和國]]是首創，亦是首個採用此一制度的國家。東寧的制度中，[[東寧聯邦共和國國民議院|國民議院]]共有20個席次，全部議席依政黨得票比例分配；政黨須取得至少5%的政黨得票率，方可參與議席分配。</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">除了東寧，現在找不到第二個使用此制度的國家</ins>。</div></td></tr> </table>

樹葉很綠 https://www.micropedia.site/index.php?title=%E9%9B%99%E7%A5%A8%E7%B4%AF%E7%A9%8D%E6%AF%94%E4%BE%8B%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%88%B6&diff=73560&oldid=prev 2026-08-27T12:01:49Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="zh-Hant-TW"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">←上個修訂</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">於 2026年8月27日 (四) 20:01 的修訂</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l2">第2行：</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">第2行：</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>在該制度下，全數議席皆由政黨票的得票率進行比例分配。每位選民同時擁有兩張政黨票，選民既可將兩張選票分別投給兩個不同的政黨，亦可將兩張選票同時投給同一個政黨，使該政黨的總票數加二。此制度通常搭配政黨得票率的門檻限制，以防止國會過於碎片化。</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>在該制度下，全數議席皆由政黨票的得票率進行比例分配。每位選民同時擁有兩張政黨票，選民既可將兩張選票分別投給兩個不同的政黨，亦可將兩張選票同時投給同一個政黨，使該政黨的總票數加二。此制度通常搭配政黨得票率的門檻限制，以防止國會過於碎片化。</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">== 核心機制 ==</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">=== 雙票與累積機制 ===</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">傳統的政黨名單比例代表制通常採「一人一票制」。雙票累積比例代表制則賦予選民更彈性的選擇權。選民在投票時有兩種主要策略：</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* 累積投票：選民將兩張票全部投給同一個政黨 \(A\)，則政黨 \(A\) 在該選民處獲得 2 票。</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* 分裂投票：選民將兩張票分別投給政黨 \(A\) 與政黨 \(B\)，則兩黨各獲得 1 票。</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">=== 席次分配與門檻 ===</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">制度的席次分配完全取決於各政黨在全國（或大選區）的「總得票數比例」（即累積後的總票數）。為了確保政黨具有一定的民意代表性並維持國會運作效率，通常會設立一定比例的政黨門檻（例如得票率須達 5%），未達門檻的政黨將無法參與席次分配。席次分配算法則依據各國法律，可採用最大餘數法（如黑爾數額）或最高均數法（如聖拉格法、漢狄法）。</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">== 政治效應與戰略配票 ==</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">雙票累積比例代表制的獨特之處，在於其投票機制為大黨與小黨帶來了截然不同的選戰配票策略：</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">=== 小黨與鐵票政黨的「全集中」策略 ===</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">對於支持度接近 5% 門檻的小型政黨，或是意識形態極鮮明的邊緣政黨，其核心支持者黏著度高。政黨通常會呼籲支持者採取「兩票全集中」策略，確保每位支持者都能貢獻 2 票，以求在最短時間內衝破 5% 門檻，確保獲得基本席次。</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">=== 大黨與結盟政黨的「一自用、一配票」策略 ===</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">對於實力雄厚、預估得票已遠超門檻的主流大黨而言，由於席次分配存在邊際效益遞減（或席次上限限制），過多的選票可能會形成「邊際浪費」。此時，主流大黨可呼籲其選民進行「策略性分裂投票」：第一票投給本黨（自用），第二票則集中投給政治理念相近、但處於 5% 邊緣的友黨（配票）。此舉有助於活化邊際選票，扶持盟友過關，進而在國會中組成穩固的執政聯盟。</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">== 類似實踐 ==</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">在現實世界的選舉中，將「比例代表」與「累積投票（Kumulieren）」進行結合的制度，最著名的實踐為德國的部分地方議會選舉（例如巴登-符騰堡邦、巴伐利亞邦及黑森邦等地方選舉）。不過，德國地方選舉的累積投票主要應用於「選人（在政黨名單內將多票灌給特定候選人）」，與純粹將累積投票應用於「選黨」的雙票累積比例代表制在操作層面上略有不同。</ins></div></td></tr> </table>

樹葉很綠 https://www.micropedia.site/index.php?title=%E9%9B%99%E7%A5%A8%E7%B4%AF%E7%A9%8D%E6%AF%94%E4%BE%8B%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%88%B6&diff=73559&oldid=prev 2026-08-27T11:55:35Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="zh-Hant-TW"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">←上個修訂</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">於 2026年8月27日 (四) 19:55 的修訂</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l2">第2行：</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">第2行：</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>在該制度下，全數議席皆由政黨票的得票率進行比例分配。每位選民同時擁有兩張政黨票，選民既可將兩張選票分別投給兩個不同的政黨，亦可將兩張選票同時投給同一個政黨，使該政黨的總票數加二。此制度通常搭配政黨得票率的門檻限制，以防止國會過於碎片化。</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>在該制度下，全數議席皆由政黨票的得票率進行比例分配。每位選民同時擁有兩張政黨票，選民既可將兩張選票分別投給兩個不同的政黨，亦可將兩張選票同時投給同一個政黨，使該政黨的總票數加二。此制度通常搭配政黨得票率的門檻限制，以防止國會過於碎片化。</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">== 核心機制 ==</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">=== 雙票與累積機制 ===</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">傳統的政黨名單比例代表制通常採「一人一票制」，雙票累積比例代表制則賦予選民更彈性的選擇權。選民在投票時有兩種主要策略：</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* 累積投票：選民將兩張票全部投給同一個政黨，則政黨在該選民處獲得 2 票。</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* 分裂投票：選民將兩張票分別投給不同的兩個政黨，則兩黨各獲得 1 票。</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">=== 席次分配與門檻 ===</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">該制度下，席次分配完全取決於各政黨在全國的總得票數比例。為了確保政黨具有一定的民意代表性並維持國會運作效率，通常會設立一定比例的政黨門檻（例如得票率須達 5%），未達門檻的政黨將無法參與席次分配。席次分配算法則依據各國法律，可採用最大餘數法（如黑爾數額）或最高均數法（如聖拉格法、漢狄法）。</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">----</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> </table>

樹葉很綠 https://www.micropedia.site/index.php?title=%E9%9B%99%E7%A5%A8%E7%B4%AF%E7%A9%8D%E6%AF%94%E4%BE%8B%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%88%B6&diff=73558&oldid=prev 2026-08-27T11:54:11Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="zh-Hant-TW"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">←上個修訂</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">於 2026年8月27日 (四) 19:54 的修訂</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1">第1行：</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">第1行：</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''雙票累積比例代表制'''（Party-list Proportional Representation with Cumulative Voting，標準縮寫為 '''List PR-CV''' ）是[[東寧聯邦共和國]]用在國民議院議員選舉的特有投票制度。</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''雙票累積比例代表制'''（Party-list Proportional Representation with Cumulative Voting，標準縮寫為 '''List PR-CV''' ）<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">，或稱雙票集中比例代表制，是一種結合了政黨名單比例代表制與累積投票制的混合型選舉制度。</ins>是[[東寧聯邦共和國]]用在國民議院議員選舉的特有投票制度。</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">在該制度下，全數議席皆由政黨票的得票率進行比例分配。每位選民同時擁有兩張政黨票，選民既可將兩張選票分別投給兩個不同的政黨，亦可將兩張選票同時投給同一個政黨，使該政黨的總票數加二。此制度通常搭配政黨得票率的門檻限制，以防止國會過於碎片化。</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">== 核心機制 ==</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">=== 雙票與累積機制 ===</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">傳統的政黨名單比例代表制通常採「一人一票制」，雙票累積比例代表制則賦予選民更彈性的選擇權。選民在投票時有兩種主要策略：</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* 累積投票：選民將兩張票全部投給同一個政黨，則政黨在該選民處獲得 2 票。</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* 分裂投票：選民將兩張票分別投給不同的兩個政黨，則兩黨各獲得 1 票。</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">=== 席次分配與門檻 ===</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">該制度下，席次分配完全取決於各政黨在全國的總得票數比例。為了確保政黨具有一定的民意代表性並維持國會運作效率，通常會設立一定比例的政黨門檻（例如得票率須達 5%），未達門檻的政黨將無法參與席次分配。席次分配算法則依據各國法律，可採用最大餘數法（如黑爾數額）或最高均數法（如聖拉格法、漢狄法）。</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">----</ins></div></td></tr> </table>

樹葉很綠 https://www.micropedia.site/index.php?title=%E9%9B%99%E7%A5%A8%E7%B4%AF%E7%A9%8D%E6%AF%94%E4%BE%8B%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%88%B6&diff=73557&oldid=prev 2026-08-27T11:47:03Z

<p>建立內容為「&#039;&#039;&#039;雙票累積比例代表制&#039;&#039;&#039;（Party-list Proportional Representation with Cumulative Voting，標準縮寫為 &#039;&#039;&#039;List PR-CV&#039;&#039;&#039; ）是<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%AF%A7%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="東寧聯邦共和國">東寧聯邦共和國</a>用在國民議院議員選舉的特有投票制度。」的新頁面</p> <p><b>新頁面</b></p><div>&#039;&#039;&#039;雙票累積比例代表制&#039;&#039;&#039;（Party-list Proportional Representation with Cumulative Voting，標準縮寫為 &#039;&#039;&#039;List PR-CV&#039;&#039;&#039; ）是[[東寧聯邦共和國]]用在國民議院議員選舉的特有投票制度。</div>

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